Here are the key topics to address, followed by detailed answers:

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining is a transformative manufacturing process where pre-programmed computer software dictates the movement of factory tools and machinery. It is a subtractive manufacturing method, meaning it creates a final part by systematically removing material from a solid block (called the workpiece or blank) using a variety of cutting tools. This process automates and digitizes the control of complex industrial machinery like mills, lathes, grinders, and routers, enabling the high-precision production of components from metals, plastics, wood, and composites.

The workflow operates in a closed digital loop:

Design: The process begins with a 2D or 3D digital model of the part created in CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software.
Programming: This CAD file is translated into manufacturing instructions by CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software. The CAM software generates the G-code, a programming language that provides precise coordinates and commands (e.g., tool paths, spindle speeds, feed rates) for the CNC machine.
Setup: A machine operator secures the workpiece to the machine bed, loads the required cutting tools, and inputs the G-code program.
Execution: The CNC system executes the program autonomously. It directs the machine’s motors and drives to move the cutting tool and/or workpiece along multiple axes (e.g., 3, 4, or 5 axes) with extreme accuracy, removing material layer by layer until the part is complete.
Finishing: The completed part may undergo secondary processes like deburring, sanding, or anodizing.

Machine Tool: The physical equipment (mill, lathe, etc.) that performs the cutting.
Controller/Computer: The onboard industrial computer that reads the G-code and acts as the machine’s “brain.”
Drive System & Motors: Convert the controller’s electronic signals into precise mechanical movements along linear or rotary axes.
Cutting Tools: The various end mills, drills, and inserts that physically shape the material.
Software Suite: The critical link comprising CAD for design, CAM for toolpath generation, and post-processors to tailor G-code for specific machine models.

CNC machining is a cornerstone of modern manufacturing due to its:

Precision & Consistency: It produces parts with tolerances within thousandths of an inch, identically, time after time.
Complexity & Flexibility: It can manufacture geometrically complex shapes that are impractical or impossible to make manually. A simple program change allows for producing a completely different part.
Efficiency & Automation: It enables unattended or lights-out production, significantly boosting output and reducing labor costs for medium to high-volume runs.
Broad Relevance: It is indispensable across news-making sectors like aerospace (engine components), medical (surgical implants), automotive (prototypes and parts), and consumer electronics, enabling rapid innovation and prototyping.

Advantages: Unmatched accuracy and repeatability; ability to create complex geometries; excellent material and finish versatility; high efficiency for production runs; reduced human error and enhanced safety.
Limitations/Disadvantages: High initial setup and machinery costs; can generate significant material waste compared to additive manufacturing (3D printing); requires skilled programmers and operators; the subtractive nature can limit certain internal geometries.